@inproceedings{a3695852acaf4663b16d08955153e0af,
title = "Privacy-Preserving and Scalable Affect Detection in Online Synchronous Learning",
abstract = "The recent pandemic has forced most educational institutions to shift to distance learning. Teachers can perceive various non-verbal cues in face-to-face classrooms and thus notice when students are distracted, confused, or tired. However, the students{\textquoteright} non-verbal cues are not observable in online classrooms. The lack of these cues poses a challenge for the teachers and hinders them in giving adequate, timely feedback in online educational settings. This can lead to learners not receiving proper guidance and may cause them to be demotivated. This paper proposes a pragmatic approach to detecting student affect in online synchronized learning classrooms. Our approach consists of a method and a privacy-preserving prototype that only collects data that is absolutely necessary to compute action units and is highly scalable by design to run on multiple devices without specialized hardware. We evaluated our prototype using a benchmark for the system performance. Our results confirm the feasibility and the applicability of the proposed approach.",
keywords = "Action units, Affect detection, Emotion recognition, Privacy, TRUSTWORTHY_AI",
author = "Felix B{\"o}ttger and Ufuk Cetinkaya and Mitri, {Daniele Di} and Sebastian Gombert and Krist Shingjergji and Deniz Iren and Roland Klemke",
note = "DBLP License: DBLP's bibliographic metadata records provided through http://dblp.org/ are distributed under a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. Although the bibliographic metadata records are provided consistent with CC0 1.0 Dedication, the content described by the metadata records is not. Content may be subject to copyright, rights of privacy, rights of publicity and other restrictions.; 17th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL2022 ; Conference date: 12-09-2022 Through 16-09-2022",
year = "2022",
month = sep,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_4",
language = "English",
isbn = "978-3-031-16289-3",
volume = "13450",
series = "Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)",
publisher = "Springer, Cham",
pages = "45--58",
editor = "Isabel Hilliger and Mu{\~n}oz-Merino, {Pedro J.} and {De Laet}, Tinne and Alejandro Ortega-Arranz and Tracie Farrell",
booktitle = "Educating for a New Future",
edition = "1",
}