Stakeholder perspectives on anthropogenic pressures and environmental conservation on an oceanic Island: The case of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands

Tropical and subtropical islands are biodiversity hotspots facing growing environmental pressures from tourism, urbanization, climate change and invasive species. These challenges are increasing conservation conflicts among actors with divergent perspectives and priorities regarding development. This study used Q methodology to explore stakeholder perspectives on tensions between conservation and development in Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Three distinct but interrelated discourses emerged: (1) Critical Environmentalism questions tourism’s sustainability, linking environmental degradation to institutional failures and extractivist policies; held by NGOs, scientists, environmentalists, the primary sector, and the general public. (2) Trust in Science and Institutions adopts a reformist stance, emphasizing technocratic solutions, improved coordination, and science-based governance; and is supported by government and environmental officials, media, and some business actors. (3) Sustainable Tourism Development views tourism as essential, advocating regulatory improvements and responsible practices without challenging the current development model; this discourse is exclusive of tourism industry stakeholders. There was general agreement on the need to rethink the current development model, particularly regarding spatial planning, environmental measures, and sustainable tourism. However, disagreements remained over causes of degradation, the extent of tourism reform needed, and issues such as invasive species, the role of science, desertification drivers, water use and the energy transition, reflecting uneven institutional trust, differences in scientific knowledge, and sectoral interests. By uncovering the diversity of stakeholder perspectives, our study not only provides valuable insights for enhancing environmental management, but also underscores the importance of participatory governance for achieving sustainable development in a context of complex conservation conflicts on oceanic islands.